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Title	Ensemble Learning Traffic Model For Sofia: A Case Study
ID_Doc	24115
Authors	Brezov D.; Burov A.
Year	2023
Published	Applied Sciences (Switzerland), 13, 8
DOI	http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13084678
Abstract	Featured Application: Optimizing urban traffic/logistics; estimating pollution due to combustion engines; studying the relation between urban pollution and respiratory/cardiovascular problems. Traffic models have gained much popularity in recent years, in the context of smart cities and urban planning, as well as environmental and health research. With the development of Machine Learning (ML) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) some limitations imposed by the traditional analytical, numerical and statistical methods have been overcome. The present paper shows a case study of traffic modeling with scarce reliable data. The approach we propose resorts on the advantages of ensemble learning using a large number of related features such as road and street categories, population density, functional analysis, space syntax, previous traffic measurements and models, etc. We use advanced regression models such as Random Forest, XGBoost, CatBoost etc., ranked according to the chosen evaluation metrics and stacked in a weighted ensemble for optimal fitting. After a series of consecutive data imputations we estimate the annual average daily traffic distribution in the street and road network of Sofia city and the metropolitan municipality for 2018 and 2022, and the NO (Formula presented.) levels for 2021 with accuracy resp. (Formula presented.), (Formula presented.) and (Formula presented.), using AutoGluon and Scikit-Learn. © 2023 by the authors.
Author Keywords	AutoML; data imputation; machine learning; multiple regression; urban traffic models

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