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Title	Traffic Flow Prediction: An Intelligent Scheme For Forecasting Traffic Flow Using Air Pollution Data In Smart Cities With Bagging Ensemble
ID_Doc	58594
Authors	Khan N.U.; Shah M.A.; Maple C.; Ahmed E.; Asghar N.
Year	2022
Published	Sustainability (Switzerland), 14, 7
DOI	http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14074164
Abstract	Traffic flow prediction is the most critical part of any traffic management system in a smart city. It can help a driver to pick the most optimized way to their target destination. Air pollution data are often connected with traffic congestion and there exists plenty of research on the connection between air pollution and traffic congestion using different machine learning approaches. A scheme for efficiently predicting traffic flow using ensemble techniques such as bagging and air pollution has not yet been introduced. Therefore, there is a need for a more accurate traffic flow prediction system for the smart cities. The aim of this research is to forecast traffic flow using pollution data. The contribution is twofold: Firstly, a comparison has been made using different simple regression techniques to find out the best-performing model. Secondly, bagging and stacking ensemble techniques have been used to find out the most accurate model of the two comparisons. The results show that the K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) bagging ensemble provides far better results than all the other regression models used in this study. The experimental results show that the KNN bagging ensemble model reduces the error rate in predicting the traffic congestion by more than 30%. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
Author Keywords	air pollution; air pollution; bagging; ensemble; regression models; traffic forecast machine learning; traffic prediction

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