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Title	Adaptive Iot Routing Protocols In Wireless Sensor Networks
ID_Doc	6265
Authors	Swain A.S.
Year	2025
Published	Big Data and Computing Visions, 5, 2
DOI	http://dx.doi.org/10.22105/bdcv.2025.509500.1243
Abstract	The swift expansion of the Internet of Things (IoT) has increased the application of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) in various fields, such as environmental monitoring, smart cities, and industrial automation. Nevertheless, the fundamental energy constraints of sensor nodes pose considerable challenges for sustaining network durability and ensuring reliable data transmission. Conventional routing protocols such as Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) and PEGASIS have been commonly implemented, but they frequently show limited adaptability to fluctuating network circumstances, resulting in uneven energy distribution and diminished network lifespan. This research examines adaptive routing protocols that can adjust responsively to variations in node energy levels, network architecture, and environmental conditions. In particular, protocols like the Hierarchical Clustering-based Energy-Harvesting Uninterrupted Coverage (HCEH-UC) and Improved Energy-Efficient LEACH (IEE-LEACH) are evaluated for their capability to improve energy efficiency and prolong the operational duration of WSNs. Through simulation studies, we assess and compare the performance of adaptive versus traditional protocols regarding energy consumption, Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), and network longevity. This study adds to the ongoing endeavors to enhance WSN routing protocols, providing valuable perspectives on future integration with machine learning for better adaptability. © 2025, Research Expansion Alliance (REA). All rights reserved.
Author Keywords	Adaptive routing; Energy efficiency; HCEH-UC; IEE-LEACH; Internet of things; LEACH; Network lifetime; Packet delivery ratio; PEGASIS; Wireless sensor networks

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