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Title	The Creation Of City Smartness: Architectures Of Intelligence In Smart Cities And Smart Ecosystems
ID_Doc	55222
Authors	Komninos N.; Panori A.
Year	2019
Published	Smart Cities in the Post-algorithmic Era: Integrating Technologies, Platforms and Governance
DOI	http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9781789907056.00012
Abstract	Smart cities offer a suitable environment for the creation of smart ecosystems by gathering organizations over digital platforms. Smart ecosystems produce externalities similar to spatial agglomerations, and act as environments of intelligence and problem-solving. This chapter identifies a four-layer structure of city intelligence that is generated in smart cities: (i) human intelligence encompassing human abilities and social interaction; (ii) artificial intelligence working complementary to human capabilities, encompassing data collection, mining and analytics; (iii) collective intelligence generated through user engagement and the population of digital spaces; and (iv) collaborative intelligence referring to open innovation, co-creation and co-design in institutions and systems of innovation. Smart cities develop a connected intelligence space, including dimensions of ‘human ability’, ‘artificial modelling’, ‘collectiveness’ and ‘collaboration’. Significant forces that act as connectors in this approach are awareness, collaboration, and positive externalities. Within smart city environments, organizations instead of being part of an established ecosystem have the capacity to build their own smart ecosystem on physical, institutional and digital spaces. © Nicos Komninos and Christina Kakderi 2019. All rights reserved.
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