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Title	The Role Of Artificial Intelligence In Smart City Systems Usage: Drivers, Barriers, And Behavioural Outcomes
ID_Doc	56494
Authors	Ferreira dos Santos J.P.; de Matos C.A.; Groznik A.
Year	2025
Published	Technology in Society, 81
DOI	http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2025.102867
Abstract	Smart city and smart home systems are among the most impactful technological advancements of recent years, offering innovative solutions while also presenting new challenges for businesses and society. This study aims to investigate the antecedents (both drivers and barriers) of smart city system adoption, specifically those that incorporate artificial intelligence, and to analyse their effects on behavioral outcomes—more specifically, well-being and individual impact. The proposed model was tested using structural equation modelling with data from a survey of 211 individuals in Portugal. The main findings indicate that ubiquity and gamification were the most influential drivers of smart city system adoption. Conversely, perceived risks associated with these systems hindered their adoption. Additionally, our study demonstrated that trust significantly interacts with empowerment, perceived risk, and usage intention. Finally, usage intention was found to have a positive impact on well-being and individual outcomes in daily life. © 2025 The Authors
Author Keywords	Artificial intelligence; Behavioural outcomes; Smart city systems; Usage intention

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