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Title	Introduction To Cyber-Physical Systems 2.0: Evolution, Technologies, And Challenges
ID_Doc	33265
Authors	Tariq M.U.
Year	2024
Published	Cyber Physical System 2.0: Communication and Computational Technologies
DOI	http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003559993-1
Abstract	Cyber-physical systems (CPS) are interconnected frameworks combining physical components with digital technology, allowing for their tight integration. Developed from the term “cybernetic,” CPS focuses on control and governance and has evolved into three generations. This system utilizes embedded computers, sensors, actuators, and feedback loops to monitor and manage physical processes in real time. The key features of CPS include interconnectivity, real-time feedback, control, automation, integration, and adaptability. CPS can be applied to various domains, such as manufacturing, transportation, health care, and smart cities, including industrial automation, medical monitoring, and autonomous vehicles. The first generation of CPS, known as CPS 1.0, integrates physical systems, computational elements, communication networks, sensors, actuators, control systems, user interfaces, and data analytics. Challenges within CPS 1.0 include system integration, compatibility, scalability, security, limited adaptability, retrofitting legacy systems, and human–machine interaction. Despite these challenges, CPS continues transforming industries by enabling better control, efficiency, safety, and sustainability. © 2025 selection and editorial matter, Amitkumar Vidyakant Jha and Bhargav Appasani; individual chapters, the contributors.
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