Smart City Gnosys

Smart city article details

Title	Internet Of Things And Autonomous Control For Vertical Cultivation Walls Towards Smart Food Growing: A Review
ID_Doc	32924
Authors	Halgamuge M.N.; Bojovschi A.; Fisher P.M.J.; Le T.C.; Adeloju S.; Murphy S.
Year	2021
Published	Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 61
DOI	http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2021.127094
Abstract	The development of green spaces in urban areas is rapidly on the rise as more people are keen to maintain a clean and green atmosphere around where they live and work. Also, the link between the physical world and the internet has been a driving force in enhancing people's quality of life which has resulted in the most recent and rising technologies, collectively referred to as the Internet of Things (IoT). The adoption of vertical gardens (VG) and/or vertical farms (VF) can be beneficial for maintaining a sustainable environment, as well as for expanding food security in an urban context around the world with limited land space. IoT technologies have the potential to be key enablers in the accelerated adoption of VG. In this study, we investigate the critical parameters for automating sustainable vertical gardening systems by using the IoT concept in smart cities towards smart living. This involves collection and review of data from 30 peer-reviewed publications published between 2004 and 2018, including real-world VG implementations. The key criteria considered include: (i) crop/plant type, (ii) VG topology (size), (iii) sensing data, (iv) used hardware (sensors, actuators, etc.), (v) power supplies, (vi) velocity or frequency of data collection, (vii) data storage method, (viii) communication technologies, (ix) data analysis methods/algorithm, (x) other used strategies, and (xi) countries that implemented VGs. The data were subsequently analyzed to obtain a detailed understanding of using IoT in VGs. The results of the analysis revealed that most of the studies used 6-20 tiers (40%) when implementing VGs, and the most popular crop was lettuce (28.6%). The sensors used were commonly connected to AC power and battery (each 44.4%), while only a small proportion of VGs used solar power (11.1%). The majority of IoT sensors used were to measure room temperature (22.5%), light intensity (21.1%), humidity level (14%) and soil nutrition (7%). The frequency of data collection by these sensors was between 1 and 3 minutes (42.8%). The frequently used data transmission technology was Zigbee and Wi-Fi (42.8%) for collecting sensor data from VGs. We also found that, using the server database, remote data management platform and cloud were the most popular data storage methods (each 25%). After data collection, many studies used threshold-based algorithms (50%) for the decision making, and the soil-based (42%) and hydroponic (38%) were the most popular plant cultivation technologies. The use of recycled and reused water (30%), solar power (20%) and controlled indoor environment, without sun or soil (20%) are some of the other essential considerations in VGs. Furthermore, it was found that the most significant focus on automation of VGs incorporating IoT were in USA (41.2%) and China (23.5%). The impact of vertical cultivation walls on human well-being was discussed. In addition to this, eight international patents on VGs have been analyzed to acquire an implementation understanding of autonomous control or using IoT in vertical gardens. © 2021 Elsevier GmbH
Author Keywords	Crop; IoT; Plant; Sensors; Smart cities; Smart farm; Smart living; Vertical garden; Vertical greening, or vertical farming

Similar Articles

Id	Similarity	Authors	Title	Published
23996	0.909	Orel A.M.; Orel V.M.; Diachenko V.V.; Perevozova I.; Kurt M.M.; Kirshak K.	Enhancing Sustainability And Smart Living: Adoption Of Iot-Driven Automation Of Vertical Gardens In Urban Spaces	Studies in Systems, Decision and Control, 515 (2024)
6650	0.899	Sikka R.; Pal Singh D.; Sharma M.K.; Ojha A.	Advancing Agriculture In Smart Cities: Renewable Energy And Artificial Intelligence-Powered Iot	E3S Web of Conferences, 540 (2024)
7720	0.885	Rokade A.I.; Kadu A.D.; Belsare K.S.	An Autonomous Smart Farming System For Computational Data Analytics Using Iot	Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2327, 1 (2022)
33717	0.884	Ilangaweera I.A.S.; Naramada S.E.M.H.; Sajith N.T.M.; Aashiq M.N.M.; Hinas M.N.A.	Iot Based Smart Plant Growing And Caring Platform For Urban Environments	Proceedings of ICITR 2024 - 9th International Conference on Information Technology Research: Harnessing the Potential of Information Technology (2024)
50887	0.884	Rokade A.; Singh M.	Smart Farming System Based On Iot For Precision Controlled Greenhouse Management	Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 968 (2023)
5276	0.882	Devare J.; Hajare N.	A Survey On Iot Based Agricultural Crop Growth Monitoring And Quality Control	Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Communication and Electronics Systems, ICCES 2019 (2019)
61672	0.871	Fahlevi M.; Asetya D.R.; Matroji F.J.; Dahlan S.P.; Dandi M.; Asyrof R.A.	What Happens When Iot Meets Big Data? Revolutionizing Urban Agriculture For Future Cities	11th International Conference on ICT for Smart Society: Integrating Data and Artificial Intelligence for a Resilient and Sustainable Future Living, ICISS 2024 - Proceeding (2024)
52954	0.864	Shi X.; An X.; Zhao Q.; Liu H.; Xia L.; Sun X.; Guo Y.	State-Of-The-Art Internet Of Things In Protected Agriculture	Sensors (Switzerland), 19, 8 (2019)
48406	0.863	Pyingkodi M.; Thenmozhi K.; Nanthini K.; Karthikeyan M.; Palarimath S.; Erajavignesh V.; Kumar G.B.A.	Sensor Based Smart Agriculture With Iot Technologies: A Review	2022 International Conference on Computer Communication and Informatics, ICCCI 2022 (2022)
8272	0.863	Pydi B.; Prabu A.V.; Mukherjee A.; Jain D.K.; Chand S.R.; Prashanth N.A.	An Improved Low-Carbon Intelligent Agriculture System With Energy Optimization Principles Using Wireless Iot Environment	Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies, 35, 3 (2024)