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Title	Public–Private-Partnerships (Ppp) Enabled Smart City Funding And Financing
ID_Doc	43742
Authors	Mirzaee A.M.; Sardroud J.M.
Year	2022
Published	Smart Cities Policies and Financing: Approaches and Solutions
DOI	http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819130-9.00011-5
Abstract	Understanding the link between the smart cities concept and the concern of smart infrastructures of Public–Private Partnership (PPP) has long been a challenge to funding and financing. This concern is about determining priority or latency between business model categories, funding, and financing options, as well as selecting infrastructure implementation. Nonprivate sector partnership (Non-PSP), debt market, and PPP can be named as a feasible alternative to funding and financing in such cities. This study consolidates main strategies and key components of the PPP-based smart city in a proposed funding and financing framework. Moreover, instruments with potential funding and financing were found based on the financial inflows and outflows of the PPP by adding the term of People converting the technique to Public–Private-People Partnership (PPPP). Findings brought a new insight to reform the current models by focusing on financial inflows and outflows of PPP. Results could provide key stakeholders of smart cities with a progressing development. © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Author Keywords	Funding/financing; Public–private partnership (PPP); Public–private-people partnership (PPPP); Smart cities; Smart infrastructure

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