| Abstract |
Antenna materials are a crucial component of 5G wireless networks. The 5G technology requires high frequency bands that operate at millimeter-wave frequencies, which in turn require antenna materials with specific characteristics such as high conductivity, low loss, and high bandwidth. Traditional antenna materials such as copper and aluminum are not sufficient for 5G networks, and new materials are being developed to meet the requirements of 5G technology. One of the most promising antenna materials for 5G networks is graphene, a two-dimensional material with high conductivity and low loss. Graphene-based antennas can operate at frequencies up to 1 THz, making them ideal for 5G networks. Other promising materials for 5G antennas include carbon nanotubes, metal-dielectric composites, and metamaterials. The ever-increasing demand for high-speed and high-bandwidth wireless communications has led to the development of 5G networks. To support the massive data traffic and provide reliable communication services, high-performance antennas with enhanced radiation efficiency and bandwidth are essential. In addition to material properties, the design of 5G antennas is also critical for their performance. Antennas must be designed to have high gain and directivity, as well as low sidelobes and cross-polarization. With the right materials and design, 5G antennas can provide the high data rates and low latency required for applications such as autonomous vehicles, smart cities, and virtual reality. The graphene-TiO2 nanocomposite material is designed and optimized using numerical simulations and experimental measurements. The results show that the proposed material can achieve a radiation efficiency of over 90% and a bandwidth of more than 10 GHz in the 5G frequency range. The proposed antenna material also exhibits a low loss tangent, which results in low signal attenuation and improved signal-to-noise ratio. Moreover, the graphene-TiO2 nanocomposite material can be fabricated using a simple and scalable process, making it cost-effective and compatible with current manufacturing technologies. This novel antenna material can provide a significant boost to the performance of 5G wireless networks, enabling faster data transmission, better connectivity, and improved user experience. Multiple -Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) is a key enabler that will help bring about the widespread adoption of 5G networks. For 5G communications in the millimeter-wave region, we propose a small, tree-shaped, planar, quad-element MIMO antenna with a large bandwidth. The suggested design's radiating element utilizes four distinct arcs to accomplish the high bandwidth response. With a loss tangent of 0.0009 and a comparative dielectric invariable of 2.2, the Rogers-5880 substrate material provides a solid foundation for each radiating element. The designed quad element MIMO-antenna framework has an impedance bandwidth of 23-40 GHz with a port segregation of higher than 20 dB, as determined using the 10 dB criterion. Maximum total gains of 10.58 dB, 8.87 dB, and 11.45 dB were recorded in the observed radiation patterns at 28, 33 and 38 GHz, respectively. The lofty gain of the proposed antenna is also useful for overcoming the attenuation of higher frequencies by the atmosphere. Furthermore, for millimeter wave frequencies, the designed MIMO antenna has been reported to have an efficiency of greater than 73% in measurements. Empirical results are also discussed, showing that they are in good concurrence with experimental results, and the implemented design is compared to alternative methodologies. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2024. |
