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Title	Fingerprint-Based Indoor Positioning System Using Ble: Real Deployment Study
ID_Doc	26554
Authors	Safwat R.; Shaaban E.; Al-Tabbakh S.M.; Emara K.
Year	2023
Published	Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, 12, 1
DOI	http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v12i1.3798
Abstract	There are a myriad of applications where the localization of interior surroundings is vital in the era of smart cities Bluetooth low energy (BLE) technology is designed for short-range wireless communication, low energy consumption, low cost hardware design and simple deployment with respect to other technologies. This paper presents a low cost BLE fingerprint-based indoor positioning system, where a minimum number of Beacons are deployed in different test bed subareas with different conditions. Collected measured received signal strength indicator (RSSI) signals received from all beacons in each grid cell of all areas of interest are stored. We experimented two deterministic matching algorithms: k-nearest neighbors (KNN) and weighted algorithm (WKNN), to match previously collected RSSI readings with the RSSI at mobile unknown location, to determine where the user is. Experiments results show that WKNN algorithm manages to obtain less mean and standard deviation positioning error for all subareas, that experiencing different conditions of obstructions, reflections, and interferences. © 2023, Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science. All rights reserved.
Author Keywords	Bluetooth low energy; Fingerprint positioning; indicator; Indoor localization; Received signal strength

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