| Abstract |
Energy, memory, and processing capacity are three resources that wireless sensor networks are fundamentally limited by. Despite this, WSN is one of the burgeoning technologies for ad hoc communication due to its small structure and low cost. The unachievable rollout plan and resource-constrained environment commonly invite various forms of defects in the WSN lifecycle. In both friendly and hostile environments, the dense deployment of sensor nodes invites numerous complications in the process of maintenance and self-healing. This work offers effective healing methods or models and focuses on energy-based fault occurrences. Because of the tiny size of the sensor nodes and the resource-constrained architecture, the WSN is prone to lifetime issues. The development of novel energy-based fault-tolerant models that guarantee the extended lifespan of sensor networks is the main goal of this work. Furthermore, a few specific smart city applications have been used as a case study for handling fault occurrences in real time. For this, four distinct faults—hardware fault, routing fault, communication fault, and framework fault—are taken into consideration. Four specific smart city applications—smart water, smart grid, smart parking, and smart agriculture—have been taken into consideration to illustrate these fault handling techniques. This work focuses on using emerging technologies to reduce resource waste and maximize the exploitation of available resources. The Indian state of Odisha’s Sambalpur district has been chosen as the case study target area. In the framework of creating smart cities, smart water is one of the more sensitive and attention-seeking applications. The water conservation plan has been put forth in this procedure. India has plenty of water, but poor management of the country’s water resources has resulted in severe water shortages in some areas. In this study, a model for detecting and preventing water loss through public pipes has been put forth. An effective routing strategy has been considered in the study on routing mechanisms called Smart Grid. This routing strategy has been put forth for the effective transfer of data packets, which typically carry information about the end user’s electricity usage and bill information. This model aids in developing an effective model for the infrastructure used in automatic metering. For a smart city, smart agriculture is the most important solution. The development of an IoT-based agricultural framework has received adequate attention because the demand for food is directly proportionate to the number of people. All agricultural implements can communicate with one another under this model. In exchange, it guarantees the farmers’ security and production. The combination of IoT and ICT has been used in the Smart Transportation model to take into account smart parking and the prevention of accidents on urban roads. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. |
