| Abstract |
The demand for autonomous systems rapidly increased with the introduction of various machine learning algorithms and fifth-generation (5G) communication. Autonomy refers to perceiving and acting independently without human intervention. The design of autonomous systems is into autonomous vehicles, healthcare systems, smart cities, smart homes, and agriculture, and these domain areas are not limited. There are various levels of autonomous systems, but there is a huge demand for fully autonomous systems. Many literature reviews have been conducted in the past decade, but they are too narrow in scope and restricted to a single region of the world. These systems are still suffering from integration, communication, and security challenges. This is a hard problem due to the diversified rules and behaviors in different parts of the world. Layered architecture is an approach to fulfilling current challenges, and the number of layers varies in different models. As a result, the framework for an autonomous system with a four-layered architecture is proposed to satisfy extensibility, evolvability, and collaboration through 5G. This review chapter provides a comprehensive discussion with a proposed model to enable technology concerns and provides a road map to the intended researchers. © 2025 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. |
